History of Hinduism - Wikipedia. History of Hinduism denotes a wide variety of related Hindu denominations native to the Indian Subcontinent, most of whom live in modern- day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. Adherents are also found in the Indonesian island of Bali. Its history overlaps or coincides with the development of Indian religions since Iron Age India. It has thus been called the . The Epic and Early Puranic period, from c. BCE to 5. 00 CE, saw the classical . CE), which coincides with the Gupta Empire. In this period the six branches of Hindu philosophy evolved, namely Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, M. Monotheistic sects like Shaivism and Vaishnavism developed during this same period through the Bhakti movement. The period from roughly 6. CE forms the late Classical period or early Middle Ages, in which classical Puranic Hinduism is established, and Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta, which incorporated Buddhist thought into Vedanta, marking a shift from realistic to idealistic thought. Hinduism under both Hindu and Islamic rulers from c. CE. The colonial period saw the emergence of various Hindu reform movements partly inspired by western movements, such as Unitarianism and Theosophy. The Partition of India in 1. Republic of India emerging with a Hindu majority. During the 2. 0th century, due to the Indian diaspora, Hindu minorities have formed in all continents, with the largest communities in absolute numbers in the United States and the United Kingdom. Times entertainment news from Hollywood including event coverage, celebrity gossip and deals. View photo galleries, read TV and movie reviews and more.
In the Republic of India, Hindu nationalism has emerged as a strong political force since the 1. Hindutva. Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Government of India from 1. South India in 2. Narendra Modi led Government from 2. Roots of Hinduism. CE, at the beginning of the . History of Hinduism denotes a wide variety of related Hindu denominations native to the Indian Subcontinent, most of whom live in modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan. Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical. This synthesis emerged under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism. During the Gupta reign the first Puranas were written. This periodisation has been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to. Another periodisation is the division into . The division in Ancient- Medieval- Modern overlooks the fact that the Muslim- conquests took place between the eight and the fourteenth century, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on . An elaborate periodisation may be as follows: Pre- history and Indus Valley Civilisation (until c. BCE); Vedic period (c. BCE). 6. 00- 2. 00 BCE); Classical Period (c. BCE- 1. 20. 0 CE). BCE- 3. 00 CE). 3. CE); Late- Classical period (c. CE); Medieval Period (c. CE); Early Modern Period (c. Modern period (British Raj and independence) (from c. History of Hinduism. James Mill (1. 77. The History of British India (1. BCE)Prevedic religions(until c. BCE)Vedic religion(c. BCE)Early Vedic Period(c. BCE)Vedic Period(1. BCE)Vedic period(c. BCE)Middle Vedic Period(from 1. BCE)Pre- classical period(c. BCE – 1. 00 CE)Late Vedic period(from 8. BCE)Classical Period(8. BCE)Ascetic reformism(c. BCE)Ascetic reformism(c. BCE)Epic and Puranic period(c. BCE to 5. 00 CE)Classical Hinduism(c. BCE – 1. 10. 0 CE). BCE – 3. 00 CE). 1. CE). 3. 20–6. 50 CE). CE). 1. 00. 0–1. 75. CE)Islamic rule and . CE). 1. 10. 0–1. 85. CE). 1. 50. 0 CE to present)Modern period(c. CE – present)Modern Hinduism(from c. It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes . For Smart, the . According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and . Flood 1. 99. 6^Muesse 2. Muesse 2. 01. 1^Muesse 2. Smart 2. 00. 3, p. Smart 2. 00. 3, p. Michaels 2. 00. 4, p. Michaels 2. 00. 4, p. Muesse 2. 00. 3, p. Sources. Bentley, Jerry H. Cross- Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History. The American Historical Review. Flood, Gavin D. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. Khanna, Meenakshi (2. Cultural History Of Medieval India. Berghahn Books. Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2. A History of India, Routledge Michaels, Axel (2. Past and present. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Misra, Amalendu (2. Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti- Islamism in India. Muesse, Mark William (2. Great World Religions: Hinduism. Muesse, Mark W. The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Fortress Press. Smart, Ninian (2. Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions). Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok. Prevedic religions (until c. These people were Australoids who may have been closely related to Aboriginal Australians. BCE) and Indo- Aryans (c. BCE), and Mongoloids (Sino- Tibetans) immigrated into India. The Elamo- Dravidians. Several tribal religions still exist, though . BCE). Phallic symbols interpreted as the much later Hindu linga have been found in the Harappan remains. One seal shows a horned figure seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position and surrounded by animals was named by early excavators . She interprets what John Marshall interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo- man. Clark who sees it as an inadequate explanation of the function and construction of many of the figurines. If there were temples, they have not been identified. BCE). 3. 50. 0 BC. Indo- European languages ca. BC. Indo- European languages ca. BC. Indo- European languages ca. BC. Indo- European languages ca. ADIndo- Aryan migration. Scheme of Indo- European migrations from ca. BCE according to the Kurgan hypothesis. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture). The red area corresponds to the area which may have been settled by Indo- European- speaking peoples up to ca. BCE; the orange area to 1. BCE. Beckwith (2. Empires of the Silk Road, Oxford University Press, p. The Vedic period, named after the Vedic religion of the Indo- Aryans. BCE. For example, the Vedic god Dyaus Pita is a variant of the Proto- Indo- European god *Dy. Similarly the Vedic Manu and Yama derive from the PIE *Manu and *Yemo, from which also derive the Germanic Mannus and Ymir. The Indo- Aryans were pastoralists who migrated into north- western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization. The roots of this culture go back further to the Sintashta culture, with funeral sacrifices which show close parallels to the sacrificial funeral rites of the Rig Veda. The Indo- Aryans split- off around 1. BCE from the Iranians, where- after they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians, who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and . The other group were the Vedic people, who were pursued by the Iranians . BCE) Vedic tribes were pastoralists, wandering around in north- west India. After 1. 10. 0 BCE, with the introduction of iron, the Vedic tribes moved into the western Ganges Plain, adapting an agrarian lifestyle. Rudimentary state- forms appeared, of which the Kuru- tribe and realm was the most influential. It was a tribal union, which developed into the first recorded state- level society in South Asia around 1. BCE. It decisively changed the Vedic heritage of the early Vedic period, collecting the Vedic hymns into collections, and developing new rituals which gained their position in Indian civilization as the orthodox srauta rituals, which contributed to the so- called . The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre- classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto- Indo- European religion. According to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo- European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present- day Uzbekistan) and (present- day) Iran. At least 3. 83 non- Indo- European words were borrowed from this culture, including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma. According to Anthony,Many of the qualities of Indo- Iranian god of might/victory, Verethraghna, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 2. Rig Veda. He was associated more than any other deity with Soma, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from Ephedra) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers. The oldest inscriptions in Old Indic, the language of the Rig Veda, are found not in northwestern India and Pakistan, but in northern Syria, the location of the Mitanni kingdom. The Mitanni kings took Old Indic throne names, and used Old Indic technical terms were used for horse- riding and chariot- driving. The Old Indic term r'ta, meaning . And Old Indic gods, including Indra, were also known in the Mitanni kingdom. Their religion was further developed when they migrated into the Ganges Plain after c. BCE and became settled farmers, further syncretising with the native cultures of northern India. The Vedic religion of the later Vedic period co- existed with local religions, such as the Yaksha cults. BCE and became settled farmers, further syncretising with the native cultures of northern India. Its liturgy is preserved in the three Vedic Samhitas: the Rig- Veda, Sama- Veda and the Yajur- Veda. The Vedic texts were the texts of the elite, and do not necessarily represent popular ideas or practices. Of these, the Rig- Veda is the oldest, a collection of hymns composed between ca. BCE. The other two add ceremonial detail for the performance of the actual sacrifice. The Atharva- Veda may also contain compositions dating to before 1. BCE. It contains material pertinent to domestic ritual and folk magic of the period. These texts, as well as the voluminous commentary on orthopraxy collected in the Brahmanas compiled during the early 1st millennium BCE, were transmitted by oral tradition alone until the advent, in the 4th century AD, of the Pallava and Gupta period and by a combination of written and oral tradition since then. The Hindu samskaras.. The Vedas, the Brahmanas, the Grhyasutras, the Dharmasutras, the Smritis and other treatises describe the rites, ceremonies and customs. Many Rigvedic hymns concern the fire ritual (Agnihotra) and especially the offering of Soma to the gods (Somayajna).
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